Comparison of green solvents for the revalorization of orange by-products: Carotenoid extraction and in vitro antioxidant activity.

Orange peels contain a considerable number of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, that can be used as ingredients in high-value products. The aim of this study was to compare orange peel extracts obtained with different green solvents (vegetable oils, fatty acids, and deep eutectic solvents (DES)). In addition, the chemical characterization of a new hydrophobic DES formed by octanoic acid and l-proline (C8:Pro) was performed. The extracts were compared in terms of carotenoid extraction, antioxidant activity by three methods, color, and environmental impact. The results confirmed that the mixture of C8:Pro is a DES and showed the highest carotenoid extraction (46.01 µg/g) compared to hexane (39.28 µg/g). The antioxidant activity was also the highest in C8:Pro (2438.8 µM TE/mL). Finally, two assessment models were used to evaluate the greenness and sustainability of the proposed extractions. These results demonstrated the potential use of orange peels in the circular economy and industry.

Green Assessment of Phenolic Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Advanced Potato Mutant Lines through UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS Quantification.

Potatoes are one of the most consumed crops worldwide. They contain a high amount of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and vitamins with important antioxidant activities, which makes this crop of high biological value for human health. The goal of this research was to biochemically evaluate polyphenol levels and antioxidant capacities in parent and control genotypes compared to advanced mutant potato lines in the M1V8 generation. This will reveal the genetic changes that result from induced mutagenesis. The quantified compounds and the evaluated antioxidant activity boost the health benefits of consuming the improved mutant potatoes. In the present study, the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of eighteen mutant and initial potato genotypes were analyzed by UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS and the ORAC method, respectively. In each of the hybrid combinations, mutant lines with an improved phenolic compound profile were observed. Representative samples from the third hybrid combination had notable increases in phenolic compound concentrations, as well as the presence of metabolites not found in the parental lines. With one exception, the remaining nine mutants showed significantly higher antioxidant capacities. The results will be used in future potato breeding programs, with participation of the valuable mutant lines containing new phenolic substances not present in the initial genotypes.

Green Solvents: Emerging Alternatives for Carotenoid Extraction from Fruit and Vegetable By-Products.

Carotenoids have important implications for human health and the food industry due to their antioxidant and functional properties. Their extraction is a crucial step for being able to concentrate them and potentially include them in food products. Traditionally, the extraction of carotenoids is performed using organic solvents that have toxicological effects. Developing greener solvents and techniques for extracting high-value compounds is one of the principles of green chemistry and a challenge for the food industry. This review will analyze the use of green solvents, namely, vegetable oils, supercritical fluids, deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, and limonene, combined with nonconventional techniques (ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave), for carotenoid extraction from fruit and vegetable by-products as upcoming alternatives to organic solvents. Recent developments in the isolation of carotenoids from green solvents and their inclusion in food products will also be discussed. The use of green solvents offers significant advantages in extracting carotenoids, both by decreasing the downstream process of solvent elimination, and the fact that the carotenoids can be included directly in food products without posing a risk to human health.

Combined Dietary Education and High-Intensity Interval Resistance Training Improve Health Outcomes in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Reducing cardiovascular risk through lifestyle changes that include a heart-healthy diet and regular exercise is recommended in the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We pilot-tested the effectiveness of a dietary-education and high-intensity interval resistance training (DE-HIIRT) program on healthy food choices and associated anthropometric variables in patients with established CAD. METHODS: A total of 22 participants, aged 60.0 ± 7.2 years, were enrolled in the study. Over 3 months, under the guidance and supervision of a physiotherapist, participants performed the resistance exercises 2×/week in a group setting (cohort of 11). Participants additionally attended three sessions of dietary education led by a dietician. Participants demonstrated their knowledge and understanding of dietary education by picking heart-healthy foods by reading food labels. Outcomes included change in diet (measured using the tricipital skinfold thickness Mediterranean Diet Adherence questionnaire (MEDAS-14) and the Food Consumption Frequency Questionnaire (FCFQ)) and anthropometric measurements (body composition, body circumference, and tricipital skinfold thickness). A paired t-test was performed to analyze the differences between the baseline and post-intervention results. RESULTS: Participants significantly increased their consumption of vegetables (p = 0.04) and lowered their consumption of sweet snacks (p = 0.007), pastries (p = 0.02), and processed food (p = 0.05). Significant improvements in body mass index (p = 0.001), waist circumference (p = 0.0001), hip circumference (p = 0.04), and body fat (p = 0.0001) were also achieved. CONCLUSION: Making lifestyle changes that include both diet and exercise is essential in the management of CAD. The HIIRT program combined with dietary changes shows promise in achieving weight-loss goals in this population and needs to be further investigated with appropriate study designs.

Sustainable Development and Storage Stability of Orange By-Products Extract Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents.

The citrus industry produces large amounts of waste rich in bioactive compounds that have important effects on human health. Their extraction was performed using organic solvents, and a greener alternative to those solvents are natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The present study aimed to obtain and optimize extracts rich in polyphenols and flavonoids from orange peels using NADES and monitor polyphenol stability in the extracts for 30 days. The software COSMOtherm (conductor-like screening model) was used to screen fourteen NADES. The most promising solvents were lactic acid:glucose (LA:Glu) with an extraction yield of 1932 ± 7.83 mgGAE/100 gdw for TPC (total polyphenol content) and 82.7 ± 3.0 mg/100 gdw for TFC (total flavonoid content) and in the case of L-proline:malic acid (LP:MA) was 2164 ± 5.17 mgGAE/100 gdw for TPC and 97.0 ± 1.65 mg/100 gdw for TFC. The extraction process using LA:Glu and LP:MA was optimized, and the results showed that the selected variables (%NADES, solid:liquid ratio, and extraction time) had a significant influence on the extraction of TPC and TFC. Results showed that NADES improve the stability of TPC. These findings revealed that NADES are efficient for the extraction of bioactive compounds from orange by-products, and these extracts can represent an alternative for the food industry to enrich food products with natural ingredients.

Impact of Service-Learning on Physiotherapy Students: Exercise Programs for Patients with Heart Transplantation and Acute Coronary Syndrome-A Randomized Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Service-learning (SL) seems to be useful for healthcare students. This study aimed at comparing an SL program versus a traditional approach (TA) on moral sensitivity, ethical competences, knowledge, teaching quality, SL participation and performance, and satisfaction in physiotherapy students. METHODS: Randomized clinical trial. A total of 32 physiotherapy students were allocated to an SL group (SLG, n = 16), or to a TA group (TAG, n = 16). Participants had to create an exercise program for patients with heart transplantation and acute coronary syndrome. The SLG performed the program with real patients, whilst the TAG performed a traditional collaborative approach. Moral sensitivity, ethical competences, knowledge and teaching quality were assessed pre- and post-intervention. SL participation and performance and satisfaction of the SLG were assessed post-intervention. RESULTS: After the intervention, the SLG showed higher moral sensitivity, ethical competences, knowledge and reported better teaching quality than the TAG. The SL program was useful, addressed a real need, contributed to learning, helped to solve problems, facilitated better comprehension, increased motivation, and students would like to use SL in other subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The SL program had a positive impact on students, encouraging the implementation of similar SL interventions. SL may be considered a teaching-learning methodology of choice in physiotherapy students.

Anthropometric Assessment of Nepali Children Institutionalized in Orphanages.

Nepal is among the world's poorest countries, and it is the third-poorest country in the South Asian region. Asia has the largest number of orphans in the world; in Nepal there are around 13,281 orphan children. The objective of this study is to evaluate the growth status of institutionalized children in Nepal through the analyses of anthropometric measures. The sample was Nepalese children aged 4 to 17, obtained from two different orphanages: in the first one, children with physical and mental disabilities coexist with children without any conditions. In the second one, there were no subjects with disabilities. Significant evidence of an association between mental and physical disability in institutionalized children and undernutrition (wasting and stunting) was found in this study. There is also weak but significant evidence of a relationship between underweight and being male. The study could help reaching a better understanding of growth status of institutionalized children in Nepal.

Nutritional assessment of the school menus offered in Spain's Mediterranean area.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to perform a nutritional assessment of the menus served in school canteens and to verify their effects on the nutrition of schoolchildren. METHODS: We selected three collective catering companies that offered ~53 500 menus/d in 369 schools in Spain's Mediterranean area (Valencian Community). The study included four public schools with different management models as well as different supply patterns. Considering the weight of the servings, the caloric contribution of the menus was estimated. RESULTS: Great diversity was seen both in the same school throughout the week and between the four schools (School 1: 298-946 kcal; School 2: 465-1185 kcal; School 3: 395-656 kcal; and School 4: 374-966 kcal). The energy intake from carbohydrates complied with the recommendations in three of the four schools, the energy provided from proteins was adequate in all of the schools, and the energy from lipids was higher than the recommended values in Schools 1 and 2, lower in School 3, and compliant in School 4. The most abundant fatty acids in the menus were oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids. The sodium content in the rated menus was 229 ± 72 mg/100 g. The highest salt content came from menus that included a precooked dish, processed meat, or both. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to review school menus and adjust the size of the servings to the age of the children. Correct nutritional education is essential for both kitchen staff and school canteen monitors.

High Biological Value Compounds Extraction from Citrus Waste with Non-Conventional Methods.

Citrus fruits are extensively grown and much consumed around the world. Eighteen percent of total citrus cultivars are destined for industrial processes, and as a consequence, large amounts of waste are generated. Citrus waste is a potential source of high biological value compounds, which can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries but whose final disposal may pose a problem due to economic and environmental factors. At the same time, the emerging need to reduce the environmental impact of citrus waste and its responsible management has increased. For these reasons, the study of the use of non-conventional methods to extract high biological value compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols, essential oils, and pectins from this type of waste has become more urgent in recent years. In this review, the effectiveness of technologies such as ultrasound assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized water extraction, pulsed electric field, high-voltage electric discharges, and high hydrostatic pressures is described and assessed. A wide range of information concerning the principal non-conventional methods employed to obtain high-biological-value compounds from citrus waste as well as the most influencing factors about each technology are considered.

Estudio de los hábitos y generación de desperdicios alimentarios de jóvenes estudiantes universitarios / A study of the habits and food waste production of young university students

INTRODUCCIÓN: la modernización de la sociedad ha supuesto una serie de cambios en los hábitos alimentarios y la práctica de actividad física de la población, así como una mayor generación de desperdicios alimentarios en los hogares. OBJETIVO: estudiar el desperdicio de alimentos en el hogar, valorando al mismo tiempo los hábitos alimentarios y estilos de vida de la población estudiante universitaria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: los datos se recopilaron mediante una encuesta estructurada y autoadministrada online en la que se midieron los hábitos alimentarios (cuestionario de frecuencia) y el nivel de actividad física (IPAQ-Short) de los sujetos participantes, así como el desperdicio de alimentos de sus comidas principales mediante un registro fotográfico de tres días distintos según el método Comstock, estimación visual por cuartos. RESULTADOS: la mayor parte de los estudiantes no cumplen con las recomendaciones de frecuencia de consumo de cereales de grano entero, frutas, verduras, hortalizas, pescado y frutos secos, aunque la práctica de actividad física resultó ser alta. La media total del desperdicio, valorada en la escala de Comstock, se correspondió con un porcentaje del 14,5 %, desperdicio de tipo evitable principalmente. La carne fue el grupo de alimentos más consumido como fuente proteica, así como el de mayor desperdicio, junto con verduras y hortalizas. CONCLUSIONES: este estudio enfatiza aun más la necesidad de un mayor número de intervenciones en términos de adquisición e implementación de habilidades para mejorar los comportamientos alimentarios saludables, así como para reducir el desperdicio de alimentos por parte de la población universitaria

INTRODUCTION: the modernization of society has brought about a series of changes in the dietary habits and practice of physical exercise in the population, as well as a greater generation of food waste in homes. OBJECTIVE: to assess food waste at home and to evaluate the eating habits and lifestyles of university students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: data were collected through a structured, self-administered online survey in which the eating habits (frequency questionnaire) and level of physical activity (IPAQ-Short) of the participating subjects were measured, as well as the waste from main meals through a photographic record of three days according to the Comstock method, visual estimation. RESULTS: most of the students do not comply with the frequency recommendations for consumption of whole grain, fruits, vegetables, nuts and dried fruits, although the practice of physical activity is high, specifically moderate. The total average of waste as assessed with the Comstock scale corresponds to a percentage of 14.50 %, mainly avoidable waste. Meat was the most consumed food group as a source of protein, as well as the most wasteful along with vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: this study further emphasizes the need for a greater number of interventions in terms of acquisition and implementation of skills for improving healthy food behaviors, as well as for reducing food waste in university students

[A study of the habits and food waste production of young university students]. / Estudio de los hábitos y generación de desperdicios alimentarios de jóvenes estudiantes universitarios.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the modernization of society has brought about a series of changes in the dietary habits and practice of physical exercise in the population, as well as a greater generation of food waste in homes. Objective: to assess food waste at home and to evaluate the eating habits and lifestyles of university students. Material and methods: data were collected through a structured, self-administered online survey in which the eating habits (frequency questionnaire) and level of physical activity (IPAQ-Short) of the participating subjects were measured, as well as the waste from main meals through a photographic record of three days according to the Comstock method, visual estimation. Results: most of the students do not comply with the frequency recommendations for consumption of whole grain, fruits, vegetables, nuts and dried fruits, although the practice of physical activity is high, specifically moderate. The total average of waste as assessed with the Comstock scale corresponds to a percentage of 14.50%, mainly avoidable waste. Meat was the most consumed food group as a source of protein, as well as the most wasteful along with vegetables. Conclusions: this study further emphasizes the need for a greater number of interventions in terms of acquisition and implementation of skills for improving healthy food behaviors, as well as for reducing food waste in university students.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la modernización de la sociedad ha supuesto una serie de cambios en los hábitos alimentarios y la práctica de actividad física de la población, así como una mayor generación de desperdicios alimentarios en los hogares. Objetivo: estudiar el desperdicio de alimentos en el hogar, valorando al mismo tiempo los hábitos alimentarios y estilos de vida de la población estudiante universitaria. Material y métodos: los datos se recopilaron mediante una encuesta estructurada y autoadministrada online en la que se midieron los hábitos alimentarios (cuestionario de frecuencia) y el nivel de actividad física (IPAQ-Short) de los sujetos participantes, así como el desperdicio de alimentos de sus comidas principales mediante un registro fotográfico de tres días distintos según el método Comstock, estimación visual por cuartos. Resultados: la mayor parte de los estudiantes no cumplen con las recomendaciones de frecuencia de consumo de cereales de grano entero, frutas, verduras, hortalizas, pescado y frutos secos, aunque la práctica de actividad física resultó ser alta. La media total del desperdicio, valorada en la escala de Comstock, se correspondió con un porcentaje del 14,5%, desperdicio de tipo evitable principalmente. La carne fue el grupo de alimentos más consumido como fuente proteica, así como el de mayor desperdicio, junto con verduras y hortalizas. Conclusión: este estudio enfatiza aun más la necesidad de un mayor número de intervenciones en términos de adquisición e implementación de habilidades para mejorar los comportamientos alimentarios saludables, así como para reducir el desperdicio de alimentos por parte de la población universitaria.

Abordaje de la diabetes gestacional a partir de la caracterización de la dieta pregestacional como factor de riesgo / Approach to gestational diabetes from the characterization of the pregestational diet as a risk factor

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hiperglucemia puede aparecer durante el embarazo dando lugar a la diabetes gestacional (DG). OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los hábitos alimentarios previos al diagnóstico de DG en un grupo de pacientes y valorarlos como factor de riesgo modificable relacionado con el desarrollo de DG. MÉTODOS: En este estudio se seleccionó a gestantes con origen de DG según criterios de nacionalidad, edad e historia de DG. Se recogieron datos de composición corporal, antecedentes familiares, ejercicio físico y consumo pregestacional de alimentos, con el fin de evaluar el papel de los alimentos como factor de riesgo modificable relacionado con el desarrollo de la DG que se realiza mediante una entrevista dietética. RESULTADOS: Nuestros resultados reflejaron que el índice de masa corporal (IMC) por edad fue de 36,7 ± 4,1 años y 26,9 ± 5,1 kg/m2, respectivamente, el 75% y de las mujeres estudiadas tenían antecedentes familiares de diabetes y el 32,5% practicaba ejercicio físico. DISCUSIÓN: El patrón alimentario seguido fue la dieta occidental con consumo de productos cárnicos y alimentos procesados, contrario al patrón dietético mediterráneo caracterizado por un alto consumo de verduras, frutas, legumbres, cereales integrales, pescado y alimentos no elaborados. CONCLUSIONES: El patrón dietético previo al embarazo se caracteriza por una dieta occidentalizada alejada del patrón dietético preventivo. La dieta es un factor modificable, por lo que sería deseable incluir una intervención temprana sobre el patrón dietético en los programas de prevención de la DG en la población en riesgo

INTRODUCTION: Gestational diabetes (GD) is characterized by hiperglycemia that appears during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the food habits prior to the diagnosis of GD in a group of patients and assess as a modifiable risk factor related to the development of GD. METHODS: In this study, pregnant women with GD origin were selected according to criteria of nationality, age and history of GD. Data on body composition, family history, physical exercise and pregestational food consumption were collected, in order to assess the role of food as a modifiable risk factor related to the development of GD being carried out with a dietary interview collected by a dietitian. RESULTS: Our results reflected that the age body mass index (BMI) were and 36.7 ± 4.1 years and 26.9 ± 5.1 kg/m2, respectively, 75% and of the studied females had a family history of diabetes and 32.5% practiced physical exercise. DISCUSSION: The food pattern followed was the Western diet with consumption of meat products and processed food, contrary to the Mediterranean dietary pattern characterized by a high consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, fish and unprocessed foods. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary pattern prior to pregnancy is characterized by westernized diet away from the preventive dietary pattern. Diet is a modifiable factor and therefore it would be desirable to include early intervention on the dietary pattern in GD prevention programs in the population at risk

Liberation and Micellarization of Carotenoids from Different Smoothies after Thermal and Ultrasound Treatments.

The consumption of a varied diet rich in fruit and vegetables helps prevent and treat certain chronic diseases. The development of smoothies based on derivatives from fruit and vegetables rich in bioactive compounds can help increase the consumption of these foods, and therefore, contribute to the prevention of various health problems. However, during the processing of the fruit and vegetable smoothies, these properties may change. The elaboration of smoothies is based on fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids: Carrot juice-papaya-mango (smoothie A) and carrot juice-pumpkin-mango (smoothie B). The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the application of different thermal technologies (mild and intensive heat treatment) and non-conventional technologies (ultrasound) on carotenoids (α-carotene, ß-carotene, lutein and ß-cryptoxantin) and determine the physiochemical parameters of derivatives from fruit and vegetable smoothies. In addition, the bioaccessibility of carotenoids is also evaluated through a process of in vitro simulated digestion. With regard to the bioaccessibility of the fruit and vegetable smoothies analyzed, a positive effect of temperature on liberation and micellarization was observed.

Untargeted metabolomics of fresh and heat treatment Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) milks reveals further insight into food quality and nutrition.

Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is a crop traditionally grown in Valencia Region (Spain) and other temperate and tropical regions in the world, where its tubers are commonly consumed as tiger nut milk (horchata). Because of their nutritive potential and original taste, these products are beginning to spread internationally and, as consequence, analytical procedures to assess nutritional profiles, quality control issues are acquiring increasing relevance. The main objective of this study was to use an advance analytical method and chemometrics tools to determine if the ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment necessary to extend the shelf life of tiger nut milk would affect the profile of nutrients when compared to fresh product. A cold solvent extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) was used. Datasets obtained from UHT and fresh tiger nut milk data were analyzed through an untargeted metabolomics approach to compare chemical patterns, highlighting differences in citric acid esters of mono- diglycerides (CITREM) and monoacylglycerol (MAG) used as emulsifiers of UHT products, and a remarkably higher abundance of biotin, phosphatidic acid (PA) and L-arginine in fresh products. These results showed that untargeted metabolomics through high resolution tandem mass spectrometry allowed fine differences between food products to be found, therefore, the nutrient lost caused by UHT treatment was clearly discerned.

Extracellular vesicles in food: Experimental evidence of their secretion in grape fruits.

In the last decade, the number of studies related with extracellular vesicles (EVs) has dramatically grown since their role as key part of intercellular communication has been confirmed. EVs, as transporter of distinct bioactive molecules, can take part in different physiological mechanisms and have been gaining attention as potential tools with a wide range of therapeutic effects. Whereas a high number of studies have been published related to mammalian derived EVs, including products as food source, the existence of EVs in plants still is controversial. Recent descriptions of vesicles derived from edible plants show that they might contain pharmacological active molecules. In this context, EVs from food are attracting increasing interest due to their relevance in modulating cellular processes (involved in health and disease), as well as therapeutic vehicles. The present work aims to summarize the current knowledge on exosomes in foods, actually limited to only four FAO groups (Milk, Starchy roots and tubers, Nuts and seeds, and Fruits). In addition, we have further characterized EVs isolated from grape berry juice by classical differential centrifugation, and described a preliminary dissection of their secretion in vivo.

Effects of bread making and wheat germ addition on the natural deoxynivalenol content in bread.

Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) is a type-B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by several field fungi such as Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum and known to have various toxic effects. This study investigated the effect of the bread making process on the stability of DON in common bread and wheat germ-enriched bread using naturally contaminated ingredients at the level of 560 µg/kg. The concentration of DON and its evolution during bread making were determined by immunoaffinity column cleanup followed by liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). During the bread making process, DON was reduced by 2.1% after fermentation and dropped by 7.1% after baking, reaching a maximum reduction of 19.8% in the crust as compared with a decrease of 5.6% in the crumb. The addition of 15% wheat germ to the dough did not affect DON stability during bread making, showing an apparent increase of 3.5% after fermentation and a reduction by 10.2% after baking.

Presence of mycotoxins in sorghum and intake estimation in Tunisia.

Sorghum samples (n = 60) from Tunisian markets were analysed for the occurrence of 22 of both traditional and emerging mycotoxins. Samples were extracted with a QuEChERS-like method and mycotoxins were detected by LC-MS/MS. This method was validated and adequate analytical parameters were obtained. All samples had contamination with mycotoxins and several samples had higher contamination levels than European Union legislative limits (MLs). The most frequently found mycotoxins were ENB (100%), OTA (98%), ENA1 (63%), ENB1 (56%), BEA (48%), AFB1 (38%) and STG (33%). Mean contaminations were 30.7, 1.93, 33.2, 51.0, 15.4, 1.49 and 20.5 µg kg(-1), respectively. While two samples were contaminated with FB2 and FB3 at mean values of 16.2 and 45.9 µg kg(-1), respectively, one sample was contaminated with AFB2 and ZEA at levels of 0.82 and 45.0 µg kg(-1), respectively. The results were used to estimate the daily intake of mycotoxins through sorghum consumption with regard to normal consumers (low-risk population) and high consumers such as babies (high-risk consumers) who are facing an alarming situation.

Comparison of three solid-phase extraction processes in quantification of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin in pork meat.

Due to strong implications for food safety, control of fluoroquinolones residues in swine meat should be undertaken to verify compliance of the contamination levels with the maximum residue limits recently updated by Commission Regulation (EU) No. 37/2010 of 22 December 2009. Solid-phase extraction is widely used in antibiotic analysis in food of animal origin. In this study, the results of a comparative study using different types of solid-phase extraction columns, HLB, MCX, and MAX, for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin analysis, in pork meat, are presented. In addition, diverse sample treatments for defatting, precipitate proteins, eliminate cations, and increase the ionic strength, were used to obtain the most suitable method of analysis. Only the MCX's use followed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection resulted in chromatograms that allow the quantification at maximum residue limits. The validation method, in terms of CCα and CCß, recovery and precision determination, was according to the EU Decision 2002/657/EC. This procedure was used in the analysis of 50 samples of pork meat of Portuguese origin. Only two samples presented residues of enrofloxacin at 30 and 42 µg/kg, values under the legal maximum residue limit.

Further data on the presence of Fusarium emerging mycotoxins enniatins, fusaproliferin and beauvericin in cereals available on the Spanish markets.

In this work, 64 samples of cereals purchased from local markets in the Valencian community (Spain) were investigated for the presence of six emerging mycotoxins: enniatins ENs (ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FUS). Samples were extracted with a mixture of water/acetonitrile (85/15, v/v) by using an Ultra-turrax homogenizer. Mycotoxins were then identified and quantified with a liquid chromatography (LC) with diode array detector (DAD). Positive samples were confirmed with an LC-MS/MS. Analytical Results showed that the frequencies of contamination of samples with ENs, BEA and FUS were 73.4%, 32.8% and 7.8%, respectively. ENA1 was the most mycotoxin found and levels ranged from 33.38 to 814.42 mg/kg. ENB levels ranged between 2.23 and 21.37 mg/kg. ENB1 levels varied from 4.34 to 45.94 mg/kg. All samples were free of ENA. BEA levels ranged from 0.51 to 11.78 mg/kg and FUS levels varied between 1.01 and 6.63 mg/kg. It could be concluded from this study that the high contamination levels found especially for ENs could be of a negative impact on the population. This is the first paper on the presence of emerging mycotoxins in cereals available in Spain.